Classification of the plant kingdom
Plants are two types
1) Non-flowering plants
They can be divided into three types they are
1) Thalo phita 2) Brayo Phita 3) Terido Phita (Pern)
Thailo peta can divided into 2 types
1) The algae is Chlamydomonas
2) Fungi (dogwood)
2) Flowering plants can be divided into 2 types
1) Encapsulated seeds Dived into 2 types
Dicotyledons (Mango) ðŸ¥
Ekadasha seeds (Coconut)
2) Gymnosperms
The plant kingdom is broadly divided into two sub-kingdoms, non-flowering plants (Cryptogamy) and flowering plants (Phenirogamae).
* Plants lacking flowers, fruits and seeds' belong to 'Cryptogame'. These plants reproduce by spores.
* All flowering plants belong to 'Phenirogame'. These form seeds. Hence these are also called spermatophytes.
* Cryptogame includes Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta divisions.
1. Cryptogame:
i. Thallophyta:
* Plants showing the lowest, structural differentiation are thalophytes.
* These plants do not have true roots, stems and leaves.
* The plant body which is linear in structure and undifferentiated is called 'thallus'.
'* A special feature of thallophytes is 'absence of embryo formation'. Thallophytes can be distinguished from other plants on the basis of this characteristic.
* Algae and fungi are included in this section
Algae: These usually grow in water.
* These are available in different colors like green, brown, blue green.
* Due to the presence of green pigment in them, algae are self-feeding. They carry out photosynthesis and make their own food.
* In these the food is stored in the form of starch. * Some algae
Unicellular while others are multicellular. * The larger of the seaweeds are called sea weeds or seaweed.
* 'Agar-Agar' is an algal substance like glue. It is used in tissue culture.
* Oscillatoria, Anabina, Nastac are nitrogen fixing algae.
* Chlorellain is an anti-microbial substance produced from the algae 'chlorella'.
* Curd algae like damaged webs are called water blooms.
Fungi:
These are nutrients. There is no green pigment in these. So they absorb the food they want from other organisms (as parasites) or from non-living matter (as heterotrophs) 2. Paratrophy
* Storage food materials in fungi are in the form of 'glycogen or fat droplets'.
* They cause diseases in crop plants, animals and humans.
* Many types of fungi are beneficial to humans.
Eg: Mushrooms - as food: yeasts in bread making, alcoholic beverages manufacturing industries; Penicillium votatum - also useful as a microbicide like penicillin.
Lichen:
* Lichens are organisms that form a symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungus.
* They live on rocks, sand and tree bark.
ii. Bryophyta:
* Bryophytes were the first terrestrial plants. They also grow in wet areas. Hence these are called 'plant amphibians'.is called * Among these, branchial reproduction takes place through buds.
* In the life history of Bryophyta plants the 'conjugative spore stage is prominent. Conjugated spores are self-sustaining.
* Their life cycle includes a stage called 'embryo'.
Eg: Liver words, Masses. Harnworts
iii. Pteridophyta:
* Pteridophyta means 'plants with feathery leaves'.
* In these plants, the stem, roots, leaves and vascular tissue are well developed.
* These are evergreen, self-nourishing plants.
* Does not form seeds.
* Fern plants in these are grown for beauty.
Phenirogame
* Flowering and seed bearing plants showing superior development. These plants have well developed vascular tissues.
* Flowering plants (Phenerogams) are divided into two subdivisions.
1. Dissolved seeds
2. Anrita seeds
1. Gymnosperms:
These are gymnosperms, the seeds are open on the gross cotyledon.
* There is no sheath covering the seeds.
* These are fruitless (like no branches) flowering plants. Ex: Psychos
* Ginkgo styloba is a living fossil of broad-leaved plants.
2. Angiosperms:
Well-developed plants, all known plants belong to this group.
* Angiosperms range from the fastest growing bamboo plant to the slowest growing desert plants.
* Genes dictate all the characteristics of their color, shape, fruit, flower production, chemical substances secreted by the plant.
* According to different habitats they are evergreen forests, tropical, sub-tropical, alcynes plants, desert plants, aquatic plants.
* Depending on the life span, these are short-lived plants, annual plants, biennial plants, and perennial plants.
* Angiosperm species show variation in their growth, branching, leaflets, corollas (buds), inflorescence, flower, pollination, fertilization, fruits and seeds.
* Based on the number of cotyledons in the seed, they are divided into monocotyledonous seeds and dicotyledonous seeds.
Special Features of Monocots:
* The embryo of these plants contains only one spore.
* In the stem, the tubular bundles are closed.
* Documents have a parallel month spread.
* Flowers are tripartite. Eg: coconut, banana, bamboo, sugarcane, papaya and grasses
Special Features of Dicotyledons:
* The embryo of these plants has two germ cells.
* The stem has dilated tubular bundles.
* Papers have a reticulated honeydew spread.
* There are five-parted or four-parted flowers.
Eg: carrot, beera, pea, tulsi, amla, kandi, hibiscus, poddu tirugudu.
Classification of angiosperms
* Knowledge related to identification and classification of organisms is called taxonomy.
* Bentham-Hooker were the scientists who classified flowering plants.
* They explained their system of natural classification in the book 'Genera Plantarum'.
Nomenclature:
* 'Nomenclature' is the giving of a scientific name to a plant.
* For the first time in 1753 a scientist named Linnaeus adopted 'binary' for all plants.
* According to Binomial Nomenclature each
The name of the plant consists of two Latin words.
* Among these, the first word indicates the genus and the second word indicates the race.
* The name of the species is followed by the name of the author.
For example the scientific name of mango plant is - Mangifera-indica. Linnaeus
* In which Mangifera-is the genus, Indica-is the species, Linnaeus-is the author's name.
Parts of flowering plants
(Root system):
Separate Functions:
layers in the soil of the plant and add thousands of good minerals and mineral salts
3. Fermented water, cells and all stem cells succeed.
Those transformations: Differentiate to perform some specialized functions, Varanam. Takes forms.
* Make self-digesting miram and store some of the food in the food for future needs.
• This food is stored in the roots, which are called storage roots or "beet roots". (da carola), beet root (Beta vulgaris), nizakada ooru (jana hut bataton) and dahlia, asparagus, marjoram
* Velamic roots are eaten in Varana plant. The value of these is swaste Inhales. Roots in plants such as biophyllum, Teinossara, photostamen, brapa carry out photosynthesis like leaves.
* Plants growing in brackish mud (moritrad) and floating plants like Rhizophora, Avicinia, Jastria have 'respiratory roots' and absorb oxygen.
* Plants like curry leaves (Muria) and punda (Mallinglonia) have "reproductive roots". These produce buds. These buds grow and produce new plants.
* Some parasitic plants produce 'parasitic roots' called 'Hadborium' on other plants (Athadei) and through them absorb Aadhaar materials and salt strength..
Eg: Kaskula, Lorandan (stem parasitic plants) Orabanki, Belanopara, (Striga (separate parasitic plants).
* In plants like Fistia, Icornia, the roots are changed into adventitious roots. They help in the growth of plant roots. Turn upside down
* Bodpi roots of plants belonging to the Fabaceae family harbor the bacterium Vizobium. It absorbs nitrogen from the atmosphere and converts it into nitrates and supplies it to the plant. (Eg: groundnut (adhyas), legume (dalicus)
In mosses like Pendanus and Rhizophara, in Gramineae like Maize (Xiamen) the shoots provide mechanical support to the nose.
* Banyan (Picus bengalensis) plant without breaking its stems. "Void roots" are formed that provide mechanical support.
* Betel leaf (Piper beetle) plants have 'flying roots' at their nodes.
II. (Shoot system):
* It is aerially formed from the first stem (plumale) of the embryo, against the attraction of the earth.
* It has a main stem.
* Appendages like leaves, buds, branches, flowers and fruits are formed from the stem.
STEM (STEM)
* It is a straight growing baby
* The terminal bud at the end of the stem controls the vertical growth of the stem.
Duties:
1. It helps in spreading the stem leaves so that all the sunlight can reach them.
2. Transport of water and salts from the leaves to the leaves helps in the transport of nutrients made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.
- Stem transformations
* Stems are also modified to perform some special functions as they go, stem modifications are of three types depending on the presence
1. Underground stems
2. Aerial stems
3. Aerial stems
1. Underground stems:
* These stems contain nodes, node cores, palusakas, buds and buds.
* These are 4 types based on the way the stems grow and the parts of the plant where food is stored.
a. (Rhizome):
* A 'horn' is a swollen underground stem that grows parallel to the ground at a certain depth in the soil.
Eg: ginger (ginger)
Turmeric (Kyuru)
banana (musa)
Metta Tamara (Kenna Indica)
* Horn does not store food in grass species.
b) Corn 🌽
* It is a swollen stem that grows vertically at a fixed depth. * Contractile roots are formed on these.
Eg: Kanda (Amarpo shalus), Chima (Colacaceae)
C) Stem tuber:
* Due to storage of food material in the tips of the underground branches, they become swollen and round like tubers. These are called beet stalks.
Eg: Potato (Salanum tuberosum) Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Chinese artichoke (Staphis tubifera)
* There are spiral nodes on the stem of potato. This
The nodules contain the germinal buds.
* These nodes help in branching reproduction.
d. the spice
* It is an underground stem that grows vertically
* In which the stem is degenerate. In the upper part of this decayed stem Many patrapithas are arranged in a playful, circular manner.
* In the wombs of these, there are womb buds, and they teach children.
* Baby food helps in vegetative reproduction.
* According to the arrangement of the scales in the lashun, the lashun with Kanchuka Kalga is called Kanchukita Lasunam.
Ex: Neerulli (Allium cepa)
Epi hydrophilicity in plants like Wallinaria
* Hydroponic pollination in Boltera, Ceratophyllum plants (Hype
hydrophilicity) occurs. * Animal pollination is the pollination that takes place with the help of animals
It is called Zoophily. * Pollination by birds is called 'Orpidhophyte'.
Eg: Bignonia, Delonyx * Pollination with the help of insects is called 'Entamocyte'.
Eg: More covered spores
* Pollination by bats is called 'Shirashtram fight Cheiropteriphily). It is a very tropical plant
Rarely happens..
Ex: Bahinea, Musa (banana)
* Pollination by snails is called 'Melacophyte'.
Eg: Plants of Eroid family, Lemna species.
[Fertilization]
Fertilization is the union of male and female sperm.
* When the pollen grains (male sperm cells) reach the pistil (female organs), the pistil secretes a nectar-like substance.
* Anther is formed from the sperm. These tubes travel through the keel and reach the ovum in the ovary.
* At the end of the anther there are two centres, the pollination center and the production centre.
* There are two centers in the ovary.
* After the anther enters the ovule through the anther, the tip of the anther bursts and a male center of the anther joins with the female center of the ovule. This process is called 'fertilization'.
* Fertilized female sperm nucleus is called 'conjugated sperm'. * The second center in the anther forms with the organized center in the ovule to form the 'germ'.
* Germination contains stored food. * After fertilization, ovules become seeds and ovary becomes fruiti Will change
(FRUIT)
After fertilization in plants, the ovary develops into a fruit. The main characteristic of angiosperms is the formation of seeds inside the fruit.
* Fruits usually form within a few months. But Lodoecia takes 10 years to produce fruits.
Types of Fruits: There are two types of fruitsIf any other part of the flower develops into a fruit along with the ovary, it is called 'anrita fruit'.
Ex: 1. Flowering in apple (pyrus).
2. Corolla in cashew (Anacardium)-
Anrta turns into fruit.
* The true fruits are formed from the fertilized ovary.
* Fruits have two parts namely the shell and the seeds.
* Simple, compound fruits are formed from the entire flower arrangement.
* When fleshy fruits are ripe, their skin becomes pulpy or chemical.
Eg: tomato, banana, dosa, pumpkin
* In tenca fruits, the integument is hard tenca.
Eg: Mango, Coconut,
* When dry fruits are ripe, the skin is dry
It is hard.
Eg: legume, pea
* Flowering, if its accessory parts grow into a single fruit, it is called compound fruit. These are also known as 'multiple fruits'.
Eg: Anasa (Avasus), Panasa (Artocarpus), Mulberry (Morus).
Parthenocarpy: The development of an ovary into a fruit without fertilization is called Parthenocarpy. Such fruits do not have seeds.
the fruits
1. Apple
2. Banana
3. Cashew
4. Pitrus
5.
6. 199
7.
8. Vanga, guava
9. Dates
10.
11. Mango
12. 6
13. Premises
14. Cereals
15. Pomegranate
16. Mulberry
17
Edible parts
(Thalamus)
→ Middle and intercostal plates
→ Fleshy corolla, spores
Chemical hairs in the interstitial membrane
(Endosperm)
→ Fleshy leaflet, seeds
→ Pamphlet, oration
→Whole fruit
→Plaque
→Palakvacham, Andanyasam
→ (Mesocarp)
→Medium plate, germ layer
Nuts
- Germination
→ Playful outer spore
>Whole fruit
Flower acrobatics
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